干奶期奶牛乳房炎防控

乳房炎是影响奶牛健康、牛奶产量及品质、造成牧场经济损失最严重的疾病之一。约2 个月的干奶期是防治奶牛乳房炎最关键的时期。本文基于干奶期的乳腺变化,分析干奶期乳房炎高发原因,提出全群及选择性干奶治疗、乳头末端保护方法、营养及卫生方面的饲养管理方法,为防控奶牛乳房炎、提高牛群生产表现及牧场经济效益提供科学参考。     

白蜡木、黑胡桃木、橄榄木的干缩湿胀特性研究

实木制品的干缩湿胀性直接影响其尺寸稳定性,对白蜡木、黑胡桃木和橄榄木的干缩湿胀特性研究结果表明：三种木材全干状态下的体积干缩率分别为13.88%、10.85%、9.89%,气干状态下的体积干缩率分别为4.89%、4.71%、4.14%,气干至饱水状态下的体积湿胀率分别为18.28%、12.82%、11.54%,全干至气干状态下的体积湿胀率分别为5.94%、4.20%、3.96%。三种木材中白蜡木的干缩湿胀性最强,黑胡桃木次之,橄榄木最小。研究结果对实木制品用材含水率的控制具有一定的指导意义。     

基于BIOCLIM模型的元江干热河谷稀树灌木草丛空间分布研究

根据影响干热河谷稀树灌木草丛分布的温度、数字高程模型（DEM ）以及归一化植被指数（NDVI）三个因子,使用BIOCLIM模型模拟元江县干热河谷稀疏灌木草丛空间分布,实现了元江县干热河谷空间分布的可视化表达。结果表明：干热河谷分布主要集中于除元江县城外的河谷两侧,其中东部分布较为集中,而在南部地区分布较为分散。加之近年来人为活动的加剧,对元江河谷生态环境的变化也有一定影响,该模型很好地预测了未来元江县干热面积的分布情况,以期对生物多样性保护和植被恢复提供决策支持。     

Comparison of yield,fruit quality,antioxidant activity,and some phenolic compounds of white seedless grape obtained from organic,conventional, and integrated fertilization

The aim of this research was to determine the effect of three different fertilizing systems, including organic, conventional, and integrated ones, on the yield, fruit quality, antioxidant activity, and some phenolic compounds of white seedless grape. The study was carried out on several 6-year-old white seedless grapevine located in the Urmia Province (North-West Iran). The results showed that the fruit physical characteristics and yield were affected significantly by different fertilization systems. The highest yield was observed in the conventional fertilization, followed by organic and integrated systems. The leaf mineral contents were obviously dependent on the different fertilization used, whereas pH and titratable acidity were not affected. Based on our results, the highest values of antioxidant activity and total flavonoid were found in the organic and integrated fertilization systems, respectively. Also, the highest contents of total phenolic, catechin, and quercetin-3-galactoside were observed in the organic fertilization system. Overall, the highest nutritional quality and biochemical characteristics of white seedless grape were obtained in organic fertilization system, which improved antioxidant capacity by enhancing total phenolics, total flavonoids and valuable phenolic compounds.     

Soil organic carbon fractions and humic substances are affected by land uses of Caatinga forest in Brazil

Caatinga is a Brazilian dry ecosystem that occupies around 1 million km² and is one of the largest tropical dry forests of the world. About 46% of the area that was originally covered has been deforested. Land use can cause pronounced reduction in soil carbon stocks that play a major role in the global carbon cycle. The objective of this study was to improve our understanding of the effect of land use on oxidizable carbon fractions, total carbon stocks and humic substances in different layers of soil in a Brazilian semi-arid region. We analyzed soils from tropical dry forest (TDF), forest succession with Anadenanthera falcata (ANA), with Tabebuia alba (TAB), secondary scrubby regeneration (SCR), and non-irrigated maize (MS). Forests showed larger fractions of more labile carbon, except for TDF. The most recalcitrant fraction of carbon stock, humin fraction stock, with the different land use decreased by 38–53% compared to TDF. Oxidizable carbon fractions, carbon stocks, and humic fraction stocks were able to differentiate the successional land uses and agricultural cover from TDF, mainly in the 0–5?cm layer. Our results show that changes in land use, especially with ANA forest succession, showed a larger labile carbon fraction, indicating easy decomposition and loss. Our results provide an alternative tool for the management of deforested areas in tropical dry caatinga ecosystems. This would contribute to the conservation of dry forest systems and could serve as guideline for sustainable management of agriculturally impacted caatinga areas.     

Responses in gross primary production of Stipa krylovii and Allium polyrhizum to a temporal rainfall in a temperate grassland of Inner Mongolia,China

In the arid and semi-arid areas of China, rainfall and drought affect the growth and photosynthetic activities of plants. Gross primary productivity (GPP) is one of the most important indices that measure the photosynthetic ability of plants. This paper focused on the GPP of two representative grassland species (Stipa krylovii Roshev. and Allium polyrhizum Turcz. ex Regel) to demonstrate the effect of a temporal rainfall on the two species. Our research was conducted in a temperate grassland in New Barag Right Banner, Hulun Buir City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China, in a dry year 2015. We measured net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and ecosystem respiration flux (ER) using a transparent chamber system and monitored the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), air and soil temperature and humidity simultaneously. Based on the measured values of NEP and ER, we calculated the GPP of the two species before and after the rainfall. The saturated GPP per aboveground biomass (GPP_AGB) of A. polyrhizum remarkably increased from 0.033 (±0.018) to 0.185 (±0.055) μmol CO₂/(gdw?s) by 5.6-fold and that of S. krylovii decreased from 0.068 (±0.021) to 0.034 (±0.011) μmol CO₂/(gdw?s) by 0.5-fold on the 1^st and 2^nd d after a 9.1 mm rainfall event compared to the values before the rainfall at low temperatures below 35°C. However, on the 1^st and 2^nd d after the rainfall, both of the saturated GPP_AGB values of S. krylovii and A. polyrhizum were significantly lower at high temperatures above 35°C (0.018 (±0.007) and 0.110 (±0.061) μmol CO₂/(gdw?s), respectively) than at low temperatures below 35°C (0.034 (±0.011) and 0.185 (±0.055) μmol CO₂/(gdw?s), respectively). The results showed that the GPP responses to the temporal rainfall differed between S. krylovii and A. polyrhizum and strongly negative influenced by temperature. The temporal rainfall seems to be more effective on the GPP of A. polyrhizum than S. krylovii. These differences might be related to the different physiological and structural features, the coexistence of the species and their species-specific survival strategies.     

不同氮素水平下有机物料添加对陇中黄土高原旱作农田N2O排放特征的影响

为了探究不同用量氮肥配施生物质炭或小麦秸秆对旱作农田N₂O排放通量的影响，在陇中黄土高原半干旱区连续进行4年不同氮素水平配施不同有机物料的田间定位试验，试验以3种施氮用量（不施氮肥、50 kg（N）·hm^-2氮肥、100 kg（N）·hm^-2氮肥）配施2种有机物料（小麦秸秆S、生物质炭B）及无有机物料 (C)共组成9个处理，于2016年11月—2017年10月，采用静态箱-气相色谱法，对N₂O通量进行全年内连续观测。研究结果表明：观测期内，各处理N₂O年平均通量大小排序SN100>CN100>SN50>CN50>BN100>SNO>BN50>CN0>BN0，各处理N₂O排放通量变化趋势一致；相较N0处理（CN0、SN0、BN0）的年平均排放通量，N50（CN50、SN50、BN50）和N100（CN100、SN100、BN100）处理分别增加了6.92%和10.03%。相较CN0、CN50和CN100，与其相同氮素水平配施生物质炭后，N₂O年平均排放通量分别降低了0.49%、3.15%和4.67%；配施秸秆后，N₂O年平均排放通量分别增加了6.37%、3.44%和2.73%。单施氮肥或小麦秸秆配施氮肥均增加了N₂O排放的增温潜势，生物质炭配施氮肥减少了N₂O排放的增温潜势。主效应分析表明，氮素、秸秆均对提升N₂O排放通量发挥显著效应，而生物质炭具有降低效应。相关分析表明，土壤温度与N₂O通量表现为显著正相关关系，土壤含水量与N₂O通量表现为显著负相关关系（P<5%）。通径分析表明，土壤温度对N₂O通量的增大作用远大于土壤含水量对N₂O通量的减小作用。秸秆或生物质炭与氮素无交互效应，N₂O排放通量随氮素水平的增加而增大，秸秆还田促进了N₂O排放而生物质炭抑制了N₂O排放。因此，添加生物质炭对旱作农田固氮减排具有较大的潜力。     

适雨灌溉下不同施肥模式对机插稻稻田水环境及产量的影响

【目的】探讨江汉平原地区适雨灌溉条件下不同施肥模式对机插稻稻田水环境及水稻生长的影响,为当地机插稻水肥管理措施的改善提供理论和数据支撑。【方法】采用田间小区试验,研究了适雨灌溉条件下,农民习惯施肥(FFP)、70%控释掺混肥+30%尿素(70%CRF+30%N)和有机无机复混肥(OIF)对稻田降雨利用率、田面水氮磷质量浓度的动态变化与径流流失量、干物质积累及水稻产量的影响。【结果】适雨灌溉下,返青期、分蘖期、拔节孕穗期和灌浆成熟期的降雨利用率分别为17.5%、100%、100%和84.2%;基肥和分蘖肥施用过后,FFP、70%CRF+30%N和OIF处理田面水TN、NH4+-N和TP质量浓度迅速提高,在第1天达到峰值,水稻移栽后30 d内70%CRF+30%N处理田面水TN、NH4+-N和TP的平均质量浓度较FFP处理分别降低40.4%、47.4%和0.5%;稻田氮磷径流流失量的90%左右在返青期,10%左右在灌浆成熟期,70%CRF+30%N处理TN、NH4+-N和TP径流损失量较FFP处理分别降低31.4%、30.9%、1.9%;70%CRF+30%N处理在返青期干物质积累量显著低于FFP和OIF处理,移栽-返青期阶段干物质积累量占总积累量比例表现为FFP处理>OIF处理>70%CRF+30%N处理,成熟期OIF处理干物质积累量显著高于70%CRF+30%N和FFP处理,实际产量表现为OIF处理>70%CRF+30%N处理>FFP处理。【结论】适雨灌溉条件下,70%CRF+30%N处理有助于减少稻田氮素流失,OIF处理有助于机插稻干物质积累与产量的增加。     

施肥量对温室滴灌番茄干物质累积、产量及水肥利用的影响

为研究日光温室秋冬茬番茄生育时期干物质生产动态规律,探索高产高效的科学施肥模式,以标准冲施肥(含N量16%,含P_2O_5量5%,含K_2O量19%)为施肥种类,施肥量以N素为基准分为4个肥料处理水平,即F1(高肥)、F2(中肥)、F3(低肥)、F4(不追肥),分析了不同施肥量对日光温室番茄干物质累积、产量和水肥利用的影响。结果表明,番茄产量和水分利用效率(WUE)与施肥量呈"抛物线"关系,当N施量为290.6 kg/hm2(F2)时达到最高值,分别为67 776.93 kg/hm2和49.27 kg/m3,说明适量施肥可提高产量及水分利用效率。但肥料生产效率(PFP)在施肥量为(N)41.4~539.9 kg/hm2范围内呈现负指数降低趋势。植株干物质累积量表现出F2处理F1处理F3处理F4处理。果实干物质累积进程符合logistic函数轨迹,中肥处理比高肥、低肥处理提前进入快速累积期,使快速累积期持续时间比其他处理长1~8 d。全株总干物质转移量对果实贡献率为1.97%~6.96%,说明果实干物质高达90%以上依靠株体自身光合作用填充。因此,番茄结果期加强水肥的供给是必要的。